Wednesday, February 4, 2026

finder – Can copying a TM backup result in unstable mac habits?

I’m attempting to repeat a TM backup (the backups.backupdb) listing from an exterior HDD to a different exterior HDD. I’ve began doing so three days in the past and tried each Finder copy and rsync copy concurrently, as a result of I learn that Finder could take eternally, whereas rsync won’t absolutely work with TM once more, however preserves the information in fact.

Since then I’ve been having crashes, hangs and dangerous system performances, together with a number of Highlight indexing. After the crashes I naturally retried copying. I’ve hooked up the final crash report. This occurred whereas I used to be solely doing the Finder copy (it was about 1/4 performed). I do not forget that in most and even all crash studies to date core 0 panicked.

panic(cpu 0 caller 0xfffffe0037b87fc4): userspace watchdog timeout: no profitable checkins from configd (1 induced crashes) in 180 seconds configd has not exited since first loaded service: logd, whole profitable checkins in 44122 seconds: 4410, final profitable checkin: 0 seconds in the past service: WindowServer, whole profitable checkins in 44060 seconds: 4406, final profitable checkin: 0 seconds in the past service: opendirectoryd, whole profitable checkins in 44122 seconds: 4409, final profitable checkin: 0 seconds in the past service: configd (1 induced crashes), whole profitable checkins in 44122 seconds: 4392, final profitable checkin: 180 seconds in the past

Debugger message: panic Reminiscence ID: 0xff OS launch kind: Person OS model: 25B78 Kernel model: Darwin Kernel Model 25.1.0: Mon Oct 20 19:34:05 PDT 2025; root:xnu-12377.41.6~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T6041 Fileset Kernelcache UUID: 517ECCE5A787D47385828F26A92C0849 Kernel UUID: CBDFB1EB-8CB9-3A4C-AA3C-E495597B121F Boot session UUID: 0F1122D5-BFD2-4D5B-9F6D-2D68338256BA iBoot model: iBoot-13822.41.1 iBoot Stage 2 model: iBoot-13822.41.1 safe boot?: YES roots put in: 0 Paniclog model: 15 Debug Header deal with: 0xfffffe00158d9000 Debug Header entry rely: 3 TXM load deal with: 0xfffffe0025840000 TXM UUID: E91A013B-3580-367B-A827-6BB5341FD013 Debug Header kernelcache load deal with: 0xfffffe0035840000 Debug Header kernelcache UUID: 517ECCE5-A787-D473-8582-8F26A92C0849 SPTM load deal with: 0xfffffe0015840000 SPTM UUID: 445124AA-CB68-3859-9E1E-D35C90F52AD3 KernelCache slide: 0x000000002e83c000 KernelCache base:  0xfffffe0035840000 Kernel slide: 0x000000002e844000 Kernel textual content base:  0xfffffe0035848000 Kernel textual content exec slide: 0x0000000030058000 Kernel textual content exec base:  0xfffffe003705c000 mach_absolute_time: 0xf68e6893b3 Epoch Time:        sec       usec   Boot    : 0x696422bc 0x000a6bc5   Sleep   : 0x00000000 0x00000000   Wake    : 0x00000000 0x00000000   Calendar: 0x6964cf10 0x000557c8

Zone information:   Zone map: 0xfffffe1020000000 - 0xfffffe3620000000   . VM  : 0xfffffe1020000000 - 0xfffffe15ec000000   . RO    : 0xfffffe15ec000000 - 0xfffffe1886000000   . GEN0  : 0xfffffe1886000000
- 0xfffffe1e52000000   . GEN1  : 0xfffffe1e52000000 - 0xfffffe241e000000   . GEN2  : 0xfffffe241e000000 - 0xfffffe29ea000000 . GEN3  : 0xfffffe29ea000000 - 0xfffffe2fb6000000   . DATA  : 0xfffffe2fb6000000 - 0xfffffe3620000000   Metadata: 0xfffffe4f80010000
- 0xfffffe4f89810000   Bitmaps : 0xfffffe4f89810000 - 0xfffffe4f8dda8000   Further   : 0 - 0

CORE 0 [EACC0] lately retired instr at 0x0000000000000000 CORE 1 [EACC0] lately retired instr at 0x0000000000000000 CORE 2 [EACC0] lately retired instr at 0x0000000000000000 CORE 3 [EACC0] lately retired instr at 0x0000000000000000 CORE 4 [PACC1] is offline, skipping CORE 5 [PACC1] is offline, skipping CORE 6 [PACC1] is offline, skipping CORE 7 [PACC1] is offline, skipping CORE 8 [PACC2] lately retired instr at 0x0000000000000000 CORE 9 [PACC2] lately retired instr at 0x0000000000000000 CORE 10 [PACC2] lately retired instr at 0x0000000000000000 CORE 11 [PACC2] lately retired instr at 0x0000000000000000 TPIDRx_ELy = {1: 0xfffffe1888c61738  0: 0x0000000000000000  0ro: 0x000000016bed70e0 } CORE 0 is the one which panicked. Examine the complete backtrace for particulars. CORE 1: PC=0xfffffe003722922c, LR=0xfffffe0037229228, FP=0xfffffecb12e1fe60 CORE 2: PC=0xfffffe003722922c, LR=0xfffffe0037229228, FP=0xfffffecb12e67e60 CORE 3: PC=0xfffffe003722922c, LR=0xfffffe0037229228, FP=0xfffffecb1257be60 CORE 4: PC=0xfffffe00370ed020, LR=0xfffffe00370ed020, FP=0xfffffecb127efed0 CORE 5: PC=0xfffffe003722922c, LR=0xfffffe0037229228, FP=0xfffffecb12647e60 CORE 6: PC=0xfffffe00370ed020, LR=0xfffffe00370ed020, FP=0xfffffecb1238fed0 CORE 7: PC=0xfffffe00370ed020, LR=0xfffffe00370ed020, FP=0xfffffecb10a9fed0 CORE 8: PC=0xfffffe00370ed020, LR=0xfffffe00370ed020, FP=0xfffffecb12d9bed0 CORE 9: PC=0xfffffe00370ed020, LR=0xfffffe00370ed020, FP=0xfffffecb12e43ed0 CORE 10: PC=0xfffffe00370ed020, LR=0xfffffe00370ed020, FP=0xfffffecb12e97ed0 CORE 11: PC=0xfffffe00370ed020, LR=0xfffffe00370ed020, FP=0xfffffecb10dabed0 Compressor Data: 1% of compressed pages restrict (OK) and 1% of segments restrict (OK) with 0 swapfiles and OK swap area Complete cpu_usage: 75528983 Thread activity pri cpu_usage 0xfffffe1888c61738 watchdogd 97 0 0xfffffe1888356fb0 kernel_task 0 4459835 0xfffffe188849ee70 kernel_task 0 4607773 0xfffffe18884a06e8 kernel_task 0 4972023 0xfffffe188849f698 kernel_task 0 5141950

Panicked activity 0xfffffe1888bb4088: 932 pages, 5 threads: pid 350: watchdogd Panicked thread: 0xfffffe1888c61738, backtrace: 0xfffffecb12ea3010, tid: 4189
          lr: 0xfffffe00370aec98  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea30b0
          lr: 0xfffffe0037225218  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3120
          lr: 0xfffffe0037223450  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea31e0
          lr: 0xfffffe003705fe38  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea31f0
          lr: 0xfffffe00370aefa8  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3710
          lr: 0xfffffe00379b4bb0  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3730
          lr: 0xfffffe0037b87fc4  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3750
          lr: 0xfffffe0037b87238  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3770
          lr: 0xfffffe0037b85908  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3890
          lr: 0xfffffe00378fff00  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea38c0
          lr: 0xfffffe0037900210  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3a50
          lr: 0xfffffe00371e4940  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3b70
          lr: 0xfffffe00370b63c4  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3c10
          lr: 0xfffffe003708a690  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3c60
          lr: 0xfffffe003709fc6c  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3cb0
          lr: 0xfffffe00370a01ec  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3da0
          lr: 0xfffffe003721d818  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3e50
          lr: 0xfffffe003722399c  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3f10
          lr: 0xfffffe003705fe38  fp: 0xfffffecb12ea3f20
          lr: 0x000000018610ac34  fp: 0x0000000000000000
      Kernel Extensions in backtrace:
         com.apple.driver.AppleARMWatchdogTimer(1.0)[F4F2AF12-4173-3CA8-A970-447EF8C5DF28]@0xfffffe0037b81de0->0xfffffe0037b87fc3
            dependency: com.apple.driver.AppleARMPlatform(1.0.2)[0A1DE249-D410-367F-8F42-64F23979E5A2]@0xfffffe0037b298a0->0xfffffe0037b81ddb


final began kext at 38754508253: com.apple.filesystems.smbfs   6.0 (addr 0xfffffe003648a550, dimension 113076) loaded kexts: com.apple.filesystems.smbfs    6.0 com.apple.driver.usb.realtek8153patcher 5.0.0 com.apple.iokit.SCSITaskUserClient    541.40.1 com.apple.driver.AppleUSBMassStorageInterfaceNub   557 com.apple.filesystems.autofs    3.0 com.apple.driver.AppleTopCaseHIDEventDriver 9410.3 com.apple.driver.CoreKDL 1 com.apple.driver.AppleBiometricServices   1 com.apple.driver.DiskImages.ReadWriteDiskImage    493.0.0 com.apple.driver.DiskImages.UDIFDiskImage   493.0.0 com.apple.driver.DiskImages.RAMBackingStore 493.0.0 com.apple.driver.DiskImages.FileBackingStore    493.0.0 com.apple.driver.SEPHibernation 1 com.apple.driver.AppleSmartBatteryManager 161.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltIP 4.0.3 com.apple.driver.AppleUSBDeviceNCM    5.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleFileSystemDriver    3.0.1 com.apple.nke.l2tp    1.9 com.apple.filesystems.tmpfs 1 com.apple.AppleEmbeddedSimpleSPINORFlasher    1 com.apple.filesystems.nfs 1 com.apple.filesystems.lifs    1 com.apple.filesystems.apfs    2632.40.15 com.apple.IOTextEncryptionFamily 1.0.0 com.apple.filesystems.hfs.kext    704.40.4 com.apple.safety.BootPolicy  1 com.apple.BootCache   40 com.apple.AppleFSCompression.AppleFSCompressionTypeZlib  1.0.0 com.apple.AppleFSCompression.AppleFSCompressionTypeDataless   1.0.0d1 com.apple.driver.AppleCS42L84Audio  910.2 com.apple.driver.AppleSN012776Amp 910.2 com.apple.driver.ApplePMP 1 com.apple.driver.AppleSmartIO2    1 com.apple.driver.AppleTypeCRetimer    1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleEventLogHandler 1 com.apple.driver.AppleBCMWLANBusInterfacePCIe 1 com.apple.driver.AppleT6041CLPC   1 com.apple.driver.AppleT6041SOCTuner   1 com.apple.driver.AppleT6041PMGR   1 com.apple.driver.AppleAVD 906 com.apple.driver.AppleAVE2  905.5.3 com.apple.driver.AudioDMAController-T604x   510.4 com.apple.driver.ApplePMPFirmware 1 com.apple.driver.AppleSamsungSerial   1.0.0d1 com.apple.driver.AppleSerialShim    1 com.apple.driver.AppleDPDisplayTCON   1 com.apple.AGXG16X 341.11 com.apple.driver.AppleQSPIMC 1 com.apple.driver.AppleProResHW    526.5 com.apple.driver.AppleJPEGDriver  7.7.2 com.apple.driver.AppleProcessorTrace  1.0.0 com.apple.driver.ApplePMUFirmwareDriver   1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleMobileDispT604X-DCP 140.0 com.apple.driver.AppleS8000DWI    1.0.0d1 com.apple.driver.usb.AppleSynopsysUSB40XHCI 1 com.apple.driver.AppleSecureRepair    1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleT6041MCC    1 com.apple.driver.AppleInterruptControllerV3   1.0.0d1 com.apple.driver.AppleBluetoothModule   1 com.apple.driver.AppleS8000AES    1 com.apple.driver.AppleSPIMC   1 com.apple.driver.AppleSDXC    3.5.4 com.apple.driver.AppleS5L8940XI2C 1.0.0d2 com.apple.driver.AppleS5L8920XPWM   1.0.0d1 com.apple.driver.AppleT8110DART 1 com.apple.driver.AppleT6041   1 com.apple.driver.AppleM68Buttons  1.0.0d1 com.apple.iokit.IOUserEthernet  1.0.1 com.apple.driver.usb.AppleUSBUserHCI  1 com.apple.iokit.IOKitRegistryCompatibility    1 com.apple.iokit.EndpointSecurity  1 com.apple.driver.AppleDiskImages2 514.40.7 com.apple.AppleSystemPolicy    2.0.0 com.apple.kec.InvalidateHmac  1 com.apple.kec.AppleEncryptedArchive   1 com.apple.driver.usb.IOUSBHostHIDDevice   1.2 com.apple.driver.usb.cdc.ecm    5.0.0 com.apple.driver.usb.cdc.acm  5.0.0 com.apple.driver.usb.serial   6.0.0 com.apple.driver.usb.cdc  5.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleUSBAudio    810.17 com.apple.iokit.IOAudioFamily    700.2 com.apple.driver.driverkit.serial 6.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleActuatorDriver  9410.2 com.apple.driver.AppleMultitouchDriver   9410.2 com.apple.driver.AppleHIDKeyboard    9410.2 com.apple.driver.AppleMesaSEPDriver  100.99 com.apple.iokit.IOBiometricFamily    1 com.apple.driver.DiskImages.KernelBacked  493.0.0 com.apple.iokit.IOAVBFamily 1400.10 com.apple.driver.AppleXsanScheme    3 com.apple.driver.AppleUVDMDriver  1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleUVDM    1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleConvergedIPCOLYBTControl    1 com.apple.driver.AppleConvergedPCI    1 com.apple.driver.AppleBluetoothDebug  1 com.apple.driver.AppleSEPHDCPManager  1.0.1 com.apple.driver.AppleTrustedAccessory    1 com.apple.iokit.AppleSEPGenericTransfer   1 com.apple.driver.AppleBTM 1.0.1 com.apple.driver.AppleAuthCP  1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleALSColorSensor  1.0.0d1 com.apple.EXBrightCalibrationConsumer   1.0.0 com.apple.driver.IOPAudioVoiceTriggerDevice   500.14 com.apple.driver.IOPAudioLPMicDevice 300.21 com.apple.driver.IOPAudioClientManagerDevice 300.21 com.apple.driver.IOPAudioIOBufferDevice  300.21 com.apple.driver.AppleIOPADMAStream  300.8 com.apple.driver.AOPAudio2    300.4 com.apple.driver.usb.networking   5.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltPCIDownAdapter   4.1.1 com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltUSBDownAdapter   1.0.4 com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltDPInAdapter  8.5.1 com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltDPAdapterFamily  8.5.1 com.apple.nke.ppp 1.9 com.apple.driver.AppleDiagnosticDataAccessReadOnly  1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleBSDKextStarter  3 com.apple.kext.triggers   1.0 com.apple.driver.usb.AppleUSBHostPacketFilter   1.0 com.apple.driver.IOHIDPowerSource   1 com.apple.driver.AppleCallbackPowerSource 1 com.apple.filesystems.hfs.encodings.kext  1 com.apple.driver.AppleSyntheticGameController 13.1.8 com.apple.AGXFirmwareKextG16XRTBuddy 1 com.apple.AGXFirmwareKextRTBuddy64    341.11 com.apple.driver.AppleCSEmbeddedAudio    910.2 com.apple.driver.AppleDCPDPTXProxy    1.0.0 com.apple.driver.DCPDPFamilyProxy 1 com.apple.plugin.IOgPTPPlugin 1410.2 com.apple.iokit.IONVMeFamily 2.1.0 com.apple.driver.AppleNANDConfigAccess    1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleSSE 1.0 com.apple.driver.AppleEmbeddedAudio 910.2 com.apple.iokit.AppleARMIISAudio  500.18 com.apple.driver.IISAudioIsolatedStreamECProxy   500.18 com.apple.driver.ApplePassthroughPPM 3.0 com.apple.driver.AppleBluetoothDebugService 1 com.apple.driver.AppleBCMWLANCore 1.0.0 com.apple.iokit.IO80211Family 1200.13.1 com.apple.driver.IOImageLoader    1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleOLYHAL  1 com.apple.driver.ApplePMGR    1 com.apple.driver.AppleHIDTransportFIFO    9000.27 com.apple.driver.AppleHIDTransportSCMCommon 9000.27 com.apple.driver.AppleHIDTransport  9000.27 com.apple.driver.AppleSPU   1 com.apple.driver.AppleInputDeviceSupport  9000.27 com.apple.driver.DMAChannelProxy    510.4 com.apple.driver.AudioSharedDARTMapperProxy   300.59 com.apple.driver.ExclavesAudioKext   300.59 com.apple.driver.AudioDMAFamily  510.4 com.apple.driver.AudioDMACLLTEscalationDetector-Stub  510.4 com.apple.iokit.IOGPUFamily   129.2.10 com.apple.driver.AppleStockholmControl 1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleHPM 3.4.4 com.apple.driver.AppleSART    1 com.apple.driver.AppleT6040TypeCPhy   1 com.apple.driver.ApplePTD 1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleSPMIPMU 1.0.1 com.apple.driver.AppleDialogPMU   1.0.1 com.apple.driver.AppleDisplayManager  1.0 com.apple.iokit.IOMobileGraphicsFamily-DCP  343.0.0 com.apple.iokit.IOMobileGraphicsFamily  343.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleM2ScalerCSCDriver 265.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleDCP   1 com.apple.driver.DCPAVFamilyProxy 1 com.apple.driver.AppleFirmwareKit 1 com.apple.driver.AppleSPMI    1.0.1 com.apple.driver.AppleUSBXDCIARM  1.0 com.apple.driver.AppleUSBXDCI   1.0 com.apple.iokit.IOUSBDeviceFamily   2.0.0 com.apple.driver.usb.AppleSynopsysUSBXHCI 1 com.apple.driver.usb.AppleUSBXHCI 1.2 com.apple.driver.AppleEmbeddedUSBHost   1 com.apple.driver.usb.AppleUSBHub  1.2 com.apple.driver.usb.AppleUSBHostCompositeDevice    1.2 com.apple.driver.AppleT6020PCIePIODMA   1 com.apple.driver.AppleDockChannel 1 com.apple.driver.AppleH16CameraInterface  4.108 com.apple.driver.AppleA7IOP-ASCWrap-v6    1.0.2 com.apple.driver.AppleARMWatchdogTimer    1 com.apple.driver.AppleDisplayCrossbar 1.0.0 com.apple.iokit.IODisplayPortFamily   1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleTypeCPhy    1 com.apple.driver.AppleT6040PCIe   1 com.apple.driver.AppleMobileApNonce   1 com.apple.driver.AppleThunderboltNHI  7.2.81 com.apple.driver.AppleGPIOICController   1.0.2 com.apple.driver.AppleT6040PCIeC  1 com.apple.iokit.IOThunderboltFamily   9.3.3 com.apple.driver.AppleA7IOP-MXWrap-v1 1.0.2 com.apple.driver.AppleT6020PCIeCPIODMA    1 com.apple.iokit.IOPAudioDriverFamily  300.4 com.apple.driver.AppleEmbeddedAudioLibs   500.4 com.apple.driver.AppleFirmwareUpdateKext  1 com.apple.driver.AppleEverestErrorHandler 1 com.apple.driver.AppleMultiFunctionManager    1 com.apple.driver.corecapture  1.0.4 com.apple.driver.AppleEmbeddedPCIE    1 com.apple.driver.ApplePIODMA  1 com.apple.iokit.IOTimeSyncFamily  1410.2 com.apple.driver.DiskImages  493.0.0 com.apple.iokit.IOGraphicsFamily    599 com.apple.iokit.IOBluetoothFamily   9.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleUIO 1 com.apple.driver.AppleT6041ANEHAL 9.102.3 com.apple.driver.AppleSEPKeyStore   2 com.apple.driver.AppleUSBTDM  557 com.apple.iokit.IOUSBMassStorageDriver  270 com.apple.iokit.IOPCIFamily 2.9 com.apple.iokit.IOUSBHostFamily 1.2 com.apple.iokit.IOPortFamily    1.0 com.apple.driver.AppleUSBHostMergeProperties    1.2 com.apple.driver.usb.AppleUSBCommon 1.0 com.apple.driver.AppleSMC   3.1.9 com.apple.driver.AppleEmbeddedTempSensor  1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleARMPMU  1.0 com.apple.iokit.IOAccessoryManager  1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleOnboardSerial   1.0 com.apple.iokit.IOSerialFamily  11 com.apple.iokit.IOSCSIBlockCommandsDevice    541.40.1 com.apple.iokit.IOSCSIArchitectureModelFamily  541.40.1 com.apple.driver.AppleRSMChannel   1 com.apple.iokit.IORSMFamily   1 com.apple.driver.AppleLockdownMode    1 com.apple.driver.AppleIPAppender  1.0 com.apple.iokit.IOSkywalkFamily 1.0 com.apple.driver.mDNSOffloadUserClient  1.0.1b8 com.apple.iokit.IONetworkingFamily  3.4 com.apple.driver.AppleH16ANEInterface   9.102.1 com.apple.driver.RTBuddy    1.0.0 com.apple.driver.AppleFDEKeyStore 28.30 com.apple.driver.AppleEffaceableStorage   1.0 com.apple.driver.AppleCredentialManager 1.0 com.apple.driver.AppleSEPManager    1.0.1 com.apple.driver.IODARTFamily 1 com.apple.driver.AppleA7IOP   1.0.2 com.apple.driver.IOSlaveProcessor 1 com.apple.driver.AppleBiometricSensor 2 com.apple.iokit.IOHIDFamily   2.0.0 com.apple.AUC 1.0 com.apple.iokit.IOSurface   393.2.9 com.apple.iokit.IOAVFamily  1.0.0 com.apple.iokit.IOHDCPFamily  1.0.0 com.apple.iokit.IOCECFamily   1 com.apple.iokit.IOAudio2Family    1.0 com.apple.driver.AppleIISController 500.2 com.apple.driver.AppleAudioClockLibs  500.4 com.apple.driver.FairPlayIOKit    72.14.0 com.apple.driver.AppleARMPlatform   1.0.2 com.apple.iokit.IOSlowAdaptiveClockingFamily  1.0.0 com.apple.iokit.IOReportFamily    47 com.apple.safety.quarantine    4 com.apple.safety.sandbox    300.0 com.apple.iokit.IOStorageFamily   2.1 com.apple.kext.AppleMatch   1.0.0d1 com.apple.driver.AppleMobileFileIntegrity   1.0.5 com.apple.iokit.CoreAnalyticsFamily   1 com.apple.safety.AppleImage4    7.0.0 com.apple.kext.CoreTrust  1 com.apple.iokit.IOCryptoAcceleratorFamily 1.0.1 com.apple.kec.pthread 1 com.apple.kec.Libm    1 com.apple.kec.Compression 1.0 com.apple.kec.corecrypto    26.0



** Stackshot Succeeded ** Bytes Traced 693294 (Uncompressed 1637184) **

Is it potential to inform from the crash report, what precipitated it?

Be aware that I intermittently had a buggy Logi Choices+ model put in, which on the minimal made my MxMaster ineffective, however doubtlessly was the wrongdoer for the primary two crashes, nevertheless, I up to date the software program and in line with Logitech the bug is fastened and shouldn’t have led to system crashes within the first place.

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