The 60/40 fairness–bond portfolio stays a extensively used benchmark for long-term asset allocation, regardless of ongoing debate about its optimality (Pham et al., 2025). For a lot of households, nevertheless, the problem lies not within the framework itself however within the quantity of capital required to implement it. Restricted investable belongings, a want to keep away from specific borrowing, vital publicity to residential actual property, and the necessity to preserve liquid reserves typically constrain the flexibility to totally fund a standard allocation.
Leveraged ETFs provide an alternate. Reasonably than growing threat, they permit households to realize a desired threat publicity with much less deployed capital, enhancing the administration of liquidity, real-estate leverage, and broader balance-sheet constraints. As illustrated beneath, leveraged ETFs mixed with money holdings can approximate the chance traits of a standard 60/40 portfolio whereas avoiding margin accounts, private credit score strains, or different types of household-level leverage.
By separating market publicity from capital dedication, this framework preserves liquidity and monetary flexibility whereas sustaining a well-recognized asset allocation profile.
Motivation: Asset Allocation on the Family Stage
For many retail buyers, portfolio development takes place throughout the constraints of the family stability sheet, the place housing publicity, mortgage leverage, employment revenue threat, and liquidity wants form possible funding selections. Many households are already structurally leveraged via actual property. Over latest a long time, rising house values in developed economies have elevated internet price whereas concurrently concentrating threat in illiquid belongings. Consequently, buyers typically discover themselves chubby actual belongings and underweight liquid monetary capital.
Conventional types of monetary leverage introduce further dangers that many retail buyers are unwilling or unable to bear, together with margin calls throughout drawdowns, fastened compensation obligations on credit score strains, and behavioral pressures that may result in poorly timed de-risking or pressured liquidation during times of heightened volatility.
In distinction, when used thoughtfully, leveraged ETFs—whose leverage is contained on the fund stage fairly than the family stability sheet—permit buyers to separate market publicity from capital deployment, offering larger flexibility in family portfolio development.
Methodology and Portfolio Building
The next evaluation evaluates whether or not a portfolio constructed from leveraged fairness and bond ETFs mixed with money can approximate the return and volatility traits of a standard 60/40 fairness–bond portfolio, with out counting on margin, private borrowing, or different types of household-level leverage[1].
Benchmark and Devices
The goal allocation is a standard 60/40 portfolio consisting of:
- 60% publicity to the S&P 500
- 40% publicity to US Treasuries, represented by a period of roughly seven years
To implement these exposures, the evaluation employs the next devices:
- A hypothetical ETF offering 3 times the day by day return of the S&P 500
- A hypothetical ETF offering 3 times the day by day return of long-duration US Treasuries (20+ yr maturity; period ≈16), with place measurement scaled to realize the goal portfolio period
- Money incomes the in a single day price
Though the leveraged Treasury instrument has an extended underlying maturity, its portfolio weight is scaled such that the ensuing efficient period of the mixed portfolio approximates the seven-year goal.
Price and Financing Assumptions
To raised approximate real-world efficiency, the next assumptions are integrated:
- Annual administration expense ratio (MER): 1%
- Fund-level borrowing price: in a single day price + 50 foundation factors
- Money earns the in a single day price
Portfolio Building Course of
Reasonably than fixing nominal portfolio weights, the technique targets secure efficient market exposures:
- An fairness publicity equal to roughly 60% of the S&P 500
- A Treasury period of roughly seven years
At every month-end, portfolio weights are adjusted to keep up these publicity targets. Fairness and bond ETF allocations are scaled to realize the specified fairness publicity and portfolio period, with residual capital allotted to money. Month-to-month rebalancing is required to offset publicity drift arising from the day by day reset nature of leveraged ETFs.
As a result of day by day reset nature of leveraged ETFs, efficient exposures drift over time, necessitating periodic rebalancing. Over the pattern interval, the ensuing common portfolio weights are roughly 20% within the leveraged fairness ETF, 15% within the leveraged Treasury ETF, and 65% in money.
Noticed Outcomes and Comparability to 60/40
The technique is again examined utilizing month-to-month knowledge from 31 December 2022 via 31 December 2024 and evaluated in opposition to a standard 60/40 benchmark (Desk 1). Over the pattern interval, the leveraged ETF plus money portfolio delivers cumulative returns broadly akin to the benchmark. Extra importantly, realized volatility carefully tracks that of the normal 60/40 portfolio, indicating that the exposure-targeting framework is efficient in replicating first-order threat traits.
Desk 1 (Abstract Statistics)
Monitoring Variations
Durations of divergence between the 2 portfolios are primarily pushed by:
- Every day leverage reset results throughout risky markets
- Embedded financing prices inside leveraged ETFs
- Month-to-month rebalancing frequency
- The prevailing money yield setting
These components introduce monitoring error however don’t materially alter the portfolio’s total threat profile.
Determine 1 (Annual Returns)
Determine 2 (Allocation %)
Distributional Results
Whereas imply returns and volatility are comparable, the leveraged portfolio displays fatter tails relative to the normal 60/40 portfolio. This displays the nonlinear return dynamics launched by day by day leveraged devices, particularly during times with excessive volatility.
Determine 3 (Return Distribution)
Sensible Dangers and Limitations
Whereas the framework illustrates a capital-efficient method to publicity administration, it entails necessary trade-offs that warrant cautious consideration. Leveraged ETFs are designed to trace multiples of day by day index returns; over longer holding intervals, their efficiency turns into path-dependent because of day by day leverage resets, with volatility drag growing nonlinearly as leverage rises (Pessina and Whaley, 2021).
As well as, the evaluation depends on hypothetical leveraged ETFs, and realized efficiency of precise merchandise could deviate from modeled outcomes, significantly during times of market stress. Lastly, though common volatility could align with a standard 60/40 portfolio, the usage of leverage will increase tail threat, implying the next probability of utmost outcomes.
Determine 4 (Drawdown)
Capital Effectivity as Portfolio Design
Leveraged ETFs are continuously dismissed as unsuitable for long-term buyers because of volatility drag and path dependency. This evaluation exhibits that, when employed inside a disciplined and exposure-managed framework, leveraged ETFs can as an alternative perform as instruments for enhancing capital effectivity fairly than growing portfolio threat. By replicating the chance traits of a standard 60/40 fairness–bond portfolio with considerably much less invested capital, this method allows households to protect liquidity and mitigate focus arising from residential actual property publicity. Whereas cautious implementation and ongoing threat consciousness stay important, the framework highlights an underappreciated utility of leveraged devices in trendy family portfolio development.
References
All knowledge in Tables and Figures sourced from Bloomberg
Pessina, C. J., & Whaley, R. E. (2021). Levered and Inverse Alternate-Traded Merchandise: Blessing or Curse? Monetary Analysts Journal, 77(1), 10–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/0015198X.2020.1830660
Pham, N., Cui, B., & Ruthbah, U. (2025). The efficiency of the 60/40 portfolio: A historic perspective (Analysis Report). CFA Institute Analysis & Coverage Heart. https://rpc.cfainstitute.org/analysis/stories/2025/performance-of-the-60-40-portfolio
[1] This framework is introduced for instructional functions solely and shouldn’t be interpreted as an funding suggestion.
